"Lest" is a conjunction used to express the idea of preventing something undesirable from happening. It often introduces a clause that explains the reason for caution or action to avoid a negative outcome. For example, if you say, "Stay quiet lest you wake the baby," you mean that staying quiet is important so that the baby does not wake up.
The word "lest" comes from the Old English "laest," which means "less" or "that not." It is related to the notion of minimizing or preventing an outcome and has been used in English since the early medieval period.